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| status = | year_start = 1930 | date_start = 24 October | year_end = 1946 | date_end = 31 January | p1 = First Brazilian Republic | flag_p1 = Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg | s1 = Second Brazilian Republic | flag_s1 = Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg | image_flag = Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg | flag_type = Flag | image_map = Brazil (orthographic projection).svg | image_map_alt = Globe focused on South America with Brazil highlighted in green | symbol = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | image_coat = Coat of arms of the United States of Brazil.svg | capital = Rio de Janeiro | national_motto = "Ordem e Progresso" "Order and Progress" | national_anthem = ''Hino Nacional Brasileiro'' Brazilian National Anthem | common_languages = Portuguese | government_type = Single-party state totalitarian dictatorship | title_leader = President | leader1 = Getúlio Vargas | year_leader1 = 1930–1945 | leader2 = José Linhares | year_leader2 = 1945–1946 | title_representative = Provisional Military Junta | representative1 = Augusto Tasso Fragoso Isaías de Noronha Mena Barreto | year_representative1 = 1930 }} The Vargas Era (''Era Vargas'') is the period in the history of Brazil between 1930 and 1945, when the country was under the leadership of Getúlio Dornelles Vargas. The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 that marked the end of the Old Republic (with the deposition of President Washington Luís; the abrogation of the country's 1891 Constitution with a view to the establishment of a new constitutional order; the dissolution of the National Congress; Federal intervention in State governments and the alteration of the political landscape, with the suppression of the hegemony until then enjoyed by the oligarchies of São Paulo and Minas Gerais), signals the beginning of the Vargas Era (given that, upon the triumph of the Revolution, a provisional military junta ceded power to Vargas, recognized as the leader of the revolutionary movement). The Vargas Era comprises three successive phases: the period of the Provisional Government (1930–1934), when Vargas governed by decree as Head of the Provisional Government instituted by the Revolution, pending the adoption of a new Constitution for the country; the period of the Constitution of 1934 (when, in the wake of the adoption of a new Constitution by the Constituent Assembly of 1933–34, Vargas – elected by the Constituent Assembly under the transitional provisions of the Constitution – governed as President, alongside a democratically elected Legislature); and the Estado Novo period (1937–1945), that began when, in order to perpetuate his rule, Vargas imposed a new, authoritarian Constitution in a coup d'état, and shut down Congress, assuming dictatorial powers. The deposition of Getúlio Vargas and his Estado Novo regime in 1945 and the subsequent redemocratization of the country with the adoption of a new Constitution in 1946 mark the end of the Vargas Era and the beginning of the period known as the Republic of 46. ==Great Depression== The ''tenente'' rebellion did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazil's bourgeois social reformers. But the ruling ''paulista'' coffee oligarchy could not withstand the near-breakdown of world capitalism in 1929. Brazil's vulnerability to the Great Depression had its roots in the economy's heavy dependence on foreign markets and loans. Despite limited industrial development in São Paulo, the export of coffee and other primary products was still the mainstay of the economy. Days after the U.S. stock market crash on October 29, 1929 (see Black Tuesday), coffee quotations immediately fell 30% to 60%. The subsequent decline was even sharper. Between 1929 and 1931, coffee prices fell from 22.5 cents per pound to 8 cents per pound.〔Fridell, Gavin. ''Fair Trade Coffee''. (pg 120)〕 As world trade contracted, the coffee exporters suffered a vast drop in foreign exchange earnings. The Great Depression possibly had a more dramatic effect on Brazil than on the United States. The collapse of Brazil's valorization (price support) program, a safety net in times of economic crisis, was strongly intertwined with the collapse of the central government, whose base of support resided in the landed oligarchy. The coffee planters had grown dangerously dependent on government valorization. For example, in the aftermath of the recession following World War I, the government was not short of the cash needed to bail out the coffee industry. But between 1929–30, world demand for Brazil's primary products had fallen far too drastically to maintain government revenues. By the end of 1930, Brazil's gold reserves had been depleted, pushing the exchange rate down to a new low. The program for warehoused coffee collapsed altogether. Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa's government faced a deepening balance-of-payments crisis and the coffee growers were struck with an unsellable harvest. Since power ultimately rested on patronage, wide-scale defections in the delicate balance of regional interests left the regime of the Washington Luís vulnerable. Government policies designed to favor foreign interests exacerbated the crisis as well, leaving the regime alienated from just about every segment of society. Following the Wall Street panic, the government attempted to please foreign creditors by maintaining convertibility according to the money principles preached by the foreign bankers and economists who set the terms for Brazil's relations with the world economy, despite lacking any support from a single major sector in Brazilian society. Despite capital flight, Washington Luís clung to a hard-money policy, guaranteeing the convertibility of the Brazilian currency into gold or British sterling. Once the gold and sterling reserves were exhausted amid the collapse of the valorization program, the government was finally forced to suspend convertibility of the currency. Foreign credit had now evaporated. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vargas Era」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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